Information: 
				Most of my cards conatin numerical data or program lines in 
				Fortran (some are program initialization for CDC CYBER 72 
				machine, which was used in Cyfronet in Cracow, another seem to 
				be initialization for unknown Unified System machine). Most 
				cards have prints suggesting that they come from Cyfronet, but 
				these cards were used widely in Cracow, not only in Cyfronet, as 
				I have about 50 blank Cyfronet cards from former Architectural 
				Office in Cracow. Some single cards contain "COBOL" or "FORTRAN" 
				remarks, but they all contain data or Fortran code. | 
				
			
				| 
				 Another 
				interesting item I got with these cards are two printouts from 
				unknown computer and probably Polish Mera lineprinter (see 
				Russian Sh letter used for filling character in big text). They have 
				big, figlet-like headers with program name and version. 
				The first one was too damaged to be read (moisture, fungus, 
				water and soil), and contained printout of NURA1Q (? - even 
				header was unreadable) software, probably launched for or in 
				Jagiellonian University.  
				Second one seems to be complete and contains
				MINUIT 
				numerical optimization program result, description and Fortran 
				source code of minimized function. Program seems to be ported to 
				one of Polish machines, as description is in Polish. Below you 
				can see first pages, the last photo is the last page. Some pages 
				with optimization passes are not photographed. 
				 
				 
				
				 
				
				  Quick translation of Polish text from printout:
				 
				MINUIT  
				version 2.77, Adapt. DOS1.82. 
				In current 
				version we deleted interactive processing,  
				automatic computing time estimation and actions performed  
				by listed commands. Furthermore, if covariance matrix is badly
				 
				conditioned, the HESSE subroutine is not called by MIGRAD.  
				In these cases it's suggested to use the following sequence of 
				commands: 
				MIGRAD     HESSE     
				MIGRAD. 
				List of commands not 
				accessible in this version: 
       *** MINOS    ***  | 
				
			
				
				 [Update: 2017-01]
					
						| Here are two other interesting items related to 
						perforated cards. the first one is a complete Fortran 
						program made on cards, stored in a cardboard box. I 
						found it in my University dump. From what I understood, 
						it is for optimizing work parameters of steel rolling 
						mill. It was perforated on accessible cards, means there 
						are different templates printed on them, not related to 
						programs. Most are blank ones, some "Fortran" and 
						"Data". However, interesting templates are printed on 
						cards used for registering products in "Huta im. Lenina" 
						in Cracow, Poland, later "Sendzimir 
						Steelworks", now probably Mittal Steel (if owner 
						haven't changed again). You can see this template as the 
						last in pictures above.  | 
						
						  | 
					 
				 
				
					
						
						  | 
						Another interesting item is a postcard on perforated 
						card. I found it in old book I bought from second-hand 
						bookshop. The numbers side can be seen in the picture on 
						the left. On the other side of the card there is a full 
						address and validated post stamp. The recipient was 
						Professor from Jagiellonian University in Cracow 
						(unfortunately died in 2011). The postcard was sent 
						probably in 1986, stamp is not easily readable. 
						 | 
					 
					
						The text perforated and printed is: 
						"Pozdrowienia ze Szkoły Letniej przesyła NKI".  
						Translated to English: "Greetings from Summer School 
						from NKI". Let's figure out what is it about. Summer 
						School is a summer course of computer science organized 
						to help people interested in IT and computers learn 
						basics. These courses were organized in 1980s and were 
						quite popular among late school students who wanted to 
						start academic IT education easier. 
						Now what is NKI? The only thing linking "NKI" to 
						Jagiellonian University and recipient of postcard is in
						History Page 
						of Computer Science Student's Association. NKI figures 
						there in late 1970s and 1980s, yet this abbreviation is 
						not expanded. I think it may be "Naukowe Koło 
						Informatyków" - Computer Science Student's Scientific 
						Association. 
						So we can see that perforated cards were not used 
						only to store programs and data...  | 
					 
				 
				  
				 
				As usual, here are some photos from old books, catalogues and magazines: 
  
				
					
						
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						| Card copier | 
						Edge-type perforator connected to 
						typewriter. | 
						Manual perforator | 
					 
				 
				  
				
					
						
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						| Typical perforator used with mainframes 
						and data processing systems | 
						Mechanical card reader | 
						Perforated card containing microfilm - 
						so-called aperture card. | 
					 
				 
				  
				
					
						
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						| Perforated card reader | 
						Another reader | 
						A stand-alone perforator | 
					 
				 
				  
				
					
						
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						  | 
					 
					
						| Card reader | 
						Regnecentralen card reader | 
						And now something completely different - cards with 
						magnetic tracks - reading/writing and selection 
						mechanism. | 
					 
				 
				Most photos come from a book "Nowoczesne biuro - organizacja 
				i technika" (Modern office - organization and technology) from 
				early 1970s. 
				Processing without computer 
				Perforated cards could be processed without expensive computer-like device, 
				by processing in a series of separate devices. This type of data 
				processing was used in searching by elimination 
				or sorting/classification. 
				Click on a link to see photo of a device. First, data was 
				transferred to cards using perforator. 
				Next, it was checked in verifier to be 
				sure that it's correct. In this step cards could be placed in 
				labeler (for printed descriptions) or collator (to conactenate 
				with other card set). Ready set was used in 
				sorter, which sorted and classified cards. From sorter, 
				cards could be moved to reproducer (to make copies), result 
				perforator, to make temporary sums in helping card set, or 
				directly to tabulator, a large, 
				programmable (via electrical plug board) 
				device which performed simple actions on data such as summing, 
				computing basic values (sometimes with external calculator) or 
				completing a query. Results were printed out in a form of 
				tabulogramme.  |